When a lithium battery begins smoking, hissing, rapidly heating, or burning, warn others, evacuate the area, close the door behind you when possible, and call the local fire service. Do not carry a burning battery through a building, breathe the smoke, or remain nearby to see whether the fire stops.

Lithium-ion batteries can enter thermal runaway, releasing heat and flammable gases. A fire that appears extinguished may reignite because heat remains inside another cell.

Recognize the Warning Signs

A battery may show signs of failure before flames appear.

Warning signs include:

• Rapid temperature increase

• Swelling

• Popping or cracking sounds

• Hissing

• Strong or unusual odor

• Vapor or smoke

• Leaking material

• Sudden discoloration

• Sparking

• Flames

Disconnecting the charger may be appropriate only when it can be done without touching the battery, smoke, damaged wiring, or a hot device.

Do not approach a battery that is already venting gas or smoke.

What to Do Immediately

Move people away from the fire and keep the escape route clear.

Call emergency services and tell the operator that a lithium-ion battery or battery-powered device is involved. Mention whether it is a phone, tool, e-bike, scooter, vehicle, energy-storage unit, or battery-production material.

When leaving:

1. Do not use a lift during a building fire.

2. Close doors to slow smoke and fire spread when it is safe.

3. Stay outside after evacuation.

4. Keep others away from the area.

5. Inform firefighters where the battery is located.

6. Warn them about other batteries stored nearby.

7. Do not re-enter for personal belongings.

Battery smoke may contain toxic and irritating substances. Avoid direct exposure even when the flames are small.

Should You Use Water?

Fire-service guidance recognizes that large amounts of water can be used to cool lithium-ion batteries and surrounding cells. Cooling is essential because thermal runaway can propagate through a battery pack.

However, members of the public should not remain in a dangerous area attempting to extinguish a growing battery fire.

Use an extinguisher or water only when all of the following apply:

• The fire is very small and has not spread

• You have a clear exit behind you

• Emergency services have been called

• You have been trained to use the available equipment

• Smoke does not block your escape

• The battery is a small lithium-ion device rather than an unknown industrial system

• Local fire guidance permits the action

Leave immediately when the fire grows, the battery continues venting, or the first extinguishing attempt fails.

Large packs, e-bike batteries, vehicles, battery rooms, and energy-storage systems require professional fire-service response.

Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Metal Fires Are Not Identical

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries generally use lithium compounds and an organic electrolyte. Primary lithium-metal batteries contain metallic lithium.

Their fire behavior and suitable extinguishing agents can differ.

A Class D extinguisher designed for certain combustible metals may be relevant to some lithium-metal incidents, but it is not a universal solution for lithium-ion battery packs.

Do not select an extinguisher only because the label includes the word “lithium.” Follow the battery safety data, facility emergency plan, and local fire-service guidance.

Businesses storing or processing batteries should identify the exact chemistry before choosing emergency equipment.

What Not to Do

Do not:

• Pick up a hot, smoking, or burning battery

• Carry it through an occupied building

• Cover it with ordinary paper or fabric

• Place it in a pocket or rubbish bin

• Puncture or crush it

• Touch leaking electrolyte

• Breathe the smoke

• Pour an unknown chemical onto it

• Assume the fire cannot restart

• Return the battery to a charger

• Place it beside other cells

• Ship it as an ordinary battery

A battery involved in fire or severe overheating must be treated as damaged hazardous material.

Contact the local fire authority, battery manufacturer, or qualified hazardous-waste provider for isolation, monitoring, transport, and disposal instructions.

Preventing Lithium Battery Fires

Use the charger and battery designed for the equipment.

Do not use packs that are damaged, modified, recalled, poorly repaired, or assembled from mismatched cells.

Keep charging equipment away from exits and combustible surfaces. Avoid charging on beds, sofas, or beneath pillows.

For storage and production areas:

• Separate damaged batteries

• Protect terminals

• Control temperature

• Prevent crushing and impact

• Use suitable fire detection

• Maintain clear aisles

• Train employees

• Prepare an emergency plan

• Record battery chemistry

• Follow transport regulations

Battery manufacturers must also control contamination, electrode alignment, welding, electrolyte filling, separator placement, cell formation, and final testing.

How the Separator Relates to Internal Short Circuits

The separator is intended to prevent direct contact between the positive and negative electrodes while allowing ions to pass.

Separator defects such as holes, contamination, wrinkles, damage, poor alignment, or insufficient mechanical strength can contribute to internal short-circuit risk.

Thermal dimensional stability is also important because excessive shrinkage at high temperature may reduce the separation between electrodes.

The separator cannot make an abused battery fireproof. Safety depends on the complete cell design, manufacturing environment, battery-management system, charger, enclosure, and operating conditions.

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